Pediatric Physiology — Hypothalamus

  • Anterior Hypothalamic Area (AHA) - 前視床下部領域
    • Function: Regulates body temperature and autonomic functions
    • 体温調節と自律機能の制御
    • Hormones/Neurotransmitters: GABA, glutamate.
    • Receptors: GABA receptors (GABA_A, GABA_B), glutamate receptors (NMDAR, AMPAR), androgen receptors, estrogen receptors.
    • Inputs: Brainstem, limbic system, preoptic area.
    • Outputs: Brainstem, spinal cord, other hypothalamic nuclei (e.g., POA, PVN).
  • Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) - 視交叉上核
    • Function: Controls circadian rhythms
    • 概日リズムの制御
    • Hormones/Neurotransmitters: Vasopressin (AVP), VIP.
    • Receptors: Vasopressin receptors (V1aR), VIP receptors, melanopsin receptors, glutamate receptors.
    • Inputs: Retinal inputs (retinohypothalamic tract), raphe nuclei.
    • Outputs: PVN, DMH, subparaventricular zone (SPZ), other hypothalamic regions.
  • Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN) - 室傍核
    • Function: Regulates stress response, metabolism, and autonomic functions
    • ストレス応答、代謝、自律機能の制御
    • Hormones/Neurotransmitters: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), oxytocin, vasopressin (AVP).
    • Inputs: Brainstem, limbic system, prefrontal cortex.
    • Outputs: Pituitary gland, brainstem, spinal cord, other hypothalamic nuclei.
    • Receptors: CRH receptors, oxytocin receptors, vasopressin receptors (V1bR), glucocorticoid receptors.
  • Preoptic Area (POA) - 視交叉前野
    • Function: Involved in thermoregulation, reproductive behaviors, and sleep regulation
    • 体温調節、生殖行動、睡眠調節に関与
    • Hormones/Neurotransmitters: GnRH, GABA, glutamate.
    • Receptors: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors, androgen receptors, estrogen receptors, GABA receptors.
    • Inputs: Limbic system, thalamus, brainstem.
    • Outputs: PVN, AHA, other hypothalamic and limbic regions.
  • Supraoptic Nucleus (SON) - 視索上核
    • Function: Produces oxytocin and vasopressin, regulating water balance and parturition
    • オキシトシンとバソプレシンを生成し、水分バランスと分娩を調節
    • Hormones/Neurotransmitters: Oxytocin, vasopressin (AVP).
    • Receptors: Oxytocin receptors, vasopressin receptors (V1aR, V2R), angiotensin II receptors.
    • Inputs: Brainstem, limbic system, PVN.
    • Outputs: Posterior pituitary gland.
  • Arcuate Nucleus (ARC) - 弓状核
    • Function: Controls appetite, energy homeostasis, and reproductive function
    • 食欲、エネルギー恒常性、生殖機能の制御
    • Hormones/Neurotransmitters: NPY, POMC, Kisspeptin, Dopamine.
    • Receptors: Leptin receptors (Ob-R), insulin receptors, ghrelin receptors, dopamine receptors (D2), kisspeptin receptors.
    • Inputs: Brainstem, limbic system, circulating hormones via the median eminence.
    • Outputs: PVN, LHA, VMH, pituitary gland.
  • Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (VMH) - 腹内側視床下部核
    • Function: Involved in satiety, body weight regulation, and sexual behaviors
    • 満腹感、体重調節、性行動に関与
    • Hormones/Neurotransmitters: Leptin receptors, glutamate, GABA.
    • Receptors: Leptin receptors, estrogen receptors, GABA receptors, glutamate receptors.
    • Inputs: Arcuate nucleus, limbic system, brainstem.
    • Outputs: Brainstem, spinal cord, other hypothalamic nuclei (e.g., DMH, LHA).
  • Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (DMH) - 背内側視床下部核
    • Function: Regulates feeding behavior, energy expenditure, and circadian rhythms
    • 摂食行動、エネルギー消費、概日リズムの制御
    • Hormones/Neurotransmitters: GABA, glutamate, NPY.
    • Receptors: Neuropeptide Y receptors (Y1, Y5), leptin receptors, GABA receptors, glutamate receptors.
    • Inputs: SCN, arcuate nucleus, limbic system.
    • Outputs: LHA, PVN, other hypothalamic regions.
  • Lateral Hypothalamic Area (LHA) - 外側視床下部領域
    • Function: Controls feeding behavior and arousal
    • 摂食行動と覚醒の制御
    • Hormones/Neurotransmitters: Orexin (hypocretin), MCH, GABA.
    • Receptors: Orexin receptors (OX1R, OX2R), MCH receptors, GABA receptors, glutamate receptors.
    • Inputs: Limbic system, brainstem, prefrontal cortex.
    • Outputs: Cerebral cortex, brainstem, spinal cord, other hypothalamic nuclei.
  • Mammillary Bodies (MB) - 乳頭体
    • Function: Involved in memory processing and spatial navigation
    • 記憶処理と空間ナビゲーションに関与
    • Hormones/Neurotransmitters: Histamine, acetylcholine.
    • Receptors: Histamine receptors (H1R), acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic, nicotinic), glutamate receptors.
    • Inputs: Hippocampus (via the fornix), brainstem.
    • Outputs: Thalamus (anterior nucleus), brainstem (e.g., tegmentum).